Shanghai MCPC is a large, prospective birth cohort investigating the role of psychological factors and environmental exposures on maternal and child health throughout prenatal and early life. Between April 2016 and October 2018, the study enrolled 6,714 pregnant women, aged 20 years or older, from two regional maternity hospitals in the Pudong and Songjiang Districts of Shanghai, China. The women were followed up throughout pregnancy, with 5,507 mothers remaining in the cohort at delivery after excluding stillbirths, miscarriages, and loss to follow-up. A total of 5,557 children were born into the cohort and were subsequently followed up at birth, 42 days, 4, 6, 9, 12, and 24 months, and 3–5 years of age, with follow up ongoing.