The TZNPS is a nationally representative household panel study that collects information on the living standards of the Tanzanian population, including consumption expenditure, farm and non-farm income-generating activities, and other socio-economic characteristics. Baseline occurred in 2008/09, with follow-up surveys conducted in 2010/11, 2012/13, 2014/15, and 2020/21. The baseline sample in 2008/09 included 3,265 households, which were followed through 2010/11 and 2012/13. A panel refresh in 2014/15 consisted of 860 originally selected households from previous waves, and 3,360 new households. The sample for the fifth wave in 2020/21 included 3,352 households from the 2014/15 sample and a new booster sample of 545 households. This new sample in 2020/21 will be maintained and tracked in all future waves of the NPS. Additionally, the sub-study, NPS 2019/20 with sex-disaggregated data (NPS-SDD 2019/20,) consisted of households from the NPS 2014/15 sample, households that could not be interviewed in NPS 2014/15, and households interviewed as part of the NPS 2012/13 but were not located and interviewed during the NPS 2014/15, and individuals from NPS 2014/15 who moved into another household, resulting in a total of 1,184 households.